Long training field sequence security protection

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and devices related to long training field (LTF) sequence security protection. A device may determine a null data packet (NDP) frame comprising one or more fields. The device may determine a first long training field (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF and the second LTF being associated with a first frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTF are generated using different LTF sequences. The device may determine a third LTF and a fourth LTF, the third LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with the a second frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols of third LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using different LTF sequences. The device may cause to send the NDP frame to an initiating or a responding device. The device may cause to send a location measurement report (LMR) frame to the initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMR comprises timing information associated with the first frequency band and the second frequency band.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. Non-Provisionalapplication Ser. No. 16/424,982, filed on May 29, 2019, which claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/677,317, filed May 29,2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/680,734, filed Jun. 5,2018, both disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference asif set forth in full.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure generally relates to systems, methods, and devices forwireless communications and, more particularly, long training field(LTF) sequence security protection.

BACKGROUND

Wireless devices are becoming widely prevalent and are increasinglyrequesting access to wireless channels. The Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE) is developing one or more standards thatutilize Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) in channelallocation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram illustrating an example network environment ofillustrative long training field (LTF) sequence security protectionsystem, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative schematic diagram for LTF sequencesecurity protection, in accordance with one or more example embodimentsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 depicts a flow diagram of illustrative process for an LTFsequence security protection system, in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 depicts a functional diagram of an example communication station,in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of an example machine upon which any ofone or more techniques (e.g., methods) may be performed, in accordancewith one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a radio architecture in accordance withsome examples.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example front-end module circuitry for use in theradio architecture of FIG. 6, in accordance with one or more exampleembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example radio IC circuitry for use in the radioarchitecture of FIG. 6, in accordance with one or more exampleembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example baseband processing circuitry for use inthe radio architecture of FIG. 6, in accordance with one or more exampleembodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustratespecific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practicethem. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical,process, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodimentsmay be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments.Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalentsof those claims.

It should be understood that non-trigger based (NTB) and trigger based(TB) 802.11az ranging protocols utilize high efficiency (HE) rangingnull data packet (NDP) or HE TB ranging NDP for time stamps estimation.Basically, NTB ranging sequence is a single user sequence and TB rangingsequence is a multiuser sequence.

It is an important aspect to protect the security of the NTB and TBmeasurement sequences. Here are a few features regarding securityprotection:

(1) Using random LTF sequence for HE-LTF field;

(2) Multiple HE-LTF fields in a single NDP frame for integrity check; or

(3) Include an invalid measurement field in the location measurementreport (LMR).

The signal authentication code (SAC) in the user info field of triggerframe or null data packet announcement (NDPA) frame in TB ranging or NTBranging is used to generate the random high-efficiency long trainingfield (HE-LTF) sequence. Random HE-LTF sequence is used for channelestimation and is comprised of a sequence of random complex numbers withnorm equal to 1. In addition, to combat the replay attack, in timedomain for different HE-LTF symbols, different random LTF sequences maybe used to generate the time domain signal. After exchanging the uplink(UL) null data packet (NDP) and downlink (DL) NDP frames, the responderor initiator will prepare LMR frame which includes time of arrival (ToA)and time of departure (ToD) information. Based on the channel estimationof the LTF fields, if integrity check error is detected, the invalidmeasurement field in location measurement report (LMR) will be set.

The current security protection state in 802.11az standard mainlyfocuses on a single band. For the 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz band, or higherbandwidths, the signals may be transmitted and received on each 80 MHzband separately, and for efficiency and security purpose, the random LTFsequence and the LMR report may need to be defined separately fordifferent bands.

Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems,methods, and devices for generation of random LTF sequence and locationmeasurement report (LMR) for 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz Band in 802.11az.

In one or more embodiments, an LTF sequence security protection systemmay provide one or more possible solutions for transmission of an NDPframe (e.g., a PPDU) for a 160 MHz and a 80+80 MHz bands for the purposeof positioning (range, differential range or angular) such that thesolutions increases the security of the NDP frames and minimizesattacks.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay use a same random LTF sequence for both of the 80 MHz bands (upper80 MHz band and lower 80 MHz band) for simplicity of implementation.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay use different random LTF sequences for each 80 MHz band for bettersecurity.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay use the same SAC and key generation material to generate twice aslong random sequence which is divided over the two segments (e.g., theupper 80 MHz band the lower 80 MHz band).

And the following four possible solutions for the reporting of themeasurement results:

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay combine the ranging measurement results of one 80 MHz segment to itspeer 80 MHz result. This option reuses the existing result reportingmechanism for simplicity purposes. The combining may be weighted one, aselected best one or fixed one. The weighting may be signal to noiseratio (SNR), signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) or anothermetric.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay provide a separate ranging measurement result for each 80 MHzsegment to allow the peer STA to execute any combining algorithm.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay use the two segments to identify measurement spoofing, by evaluatingthe likelihood of spoofing based on comparison of an estimatedindividual channel, or first arrival path.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequence security protection systemmay facilitate a larger BW, which greatly improves the channelresolution and hence, the measurement accuracy for ranging purposes. Itis therefore desirable to allow for the improved accuracy to take holdin the secured usages of 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz cases.

The proposed solutions have low complexity that blends well with the802.11ax framework which treats both 160 MHz and the 80+80 MHz cases astwo segments of 80 MHz wide channel.

For example:

For pseudo-random LTF sequence by repeating the pseudo-random LTFsequence of one 80 MHz segment to the other 80 MHz segment, reuse can bemade of the 80 MHz functionality for simplicity. By generating twice aslong LTF sequence as the 80 MHz sequence and divide that over the two 80MHz segments again, a reuse of the pseudo-random sequence generation canbe made for better security protection. If different random LTFsequences are used for each 80 MHz band, then the probability that theattacker can guess both of the random LTF sequences correctly will besignificantly reduced, and better security protection can be achieved.

For measurement reporting, by combing the separate measurement resultsof the two 80 MHz segments, and provide a single measurement result tothe peer STA the 20, 40 and 80 MHz report mechanism can be reused andthe implementation complexity can be reduced.

Also, if the invalid measurement indication for each 80 MHz band isdefined separately, better efficiency can be achieved. For example, ifinterference or attacker is only detected on one of the 80 MHz band, theLMR results on the other 80 MHz band can still be used for rangeestimation, and the measurement sequence will not be wasted.

The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are notmeant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations,processes, etc., may exist, some of which are described in detail below.Example embodiments will now be described with reference to theaccompanying figures.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example network environment, inaccordance with one or more example embodiments of the presentdisclosure. Wireless network 100 may include one or more user devices120 and one or more access point(s) (AP) 102, which may communicate inaccordance with IEEE 802.11 communication standards. The user device(s)120 may be mobile devices that are non-stationary (e.g., not havingfixed locations) or may be stationary devices.

In some embodiments, the user devices 120, and the AP(s) 102 may includeone or more computer systems similar to that of the functional diagramof FIG. 4 and/or the example machine/system of FIG. 5.

One or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may beoperable by one or more user(s) 110. It should be noted that anyaddressable unit may be a station (STA). An STA may take on multipledistinct characteristics, each of which shapes its function. Forexample, a single addressable unit might simultaneously be a portableSTA, a quality-of-service (QoS) STA, a dependent STA, and a hidden STA.The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and the AP(s) 102 may beSTAs. The one or more illustrative user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102may operate as a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point/accesspoint (PCP/AP). The user device(s) 120 (e.g., 124, 126, or 128) and/orAP(s) 102 may include any suitable processor-driven device including,but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static,device. For example, user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may include, auser equipment (UE), a station (STA), an access point (AP), a softwareenabled AP (SoftAP), a personal computer (PC), a wearable wirelessdevice (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer,a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebookcomputer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, ahandheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, aPDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-boarddevice, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalitieswith PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device,a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile ornon-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device,a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, amobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively smallcomputing device, a non-desktop computer, a “carry small live large”(CSLL) device, an ultra mobile device (UMD), an ultra mobile PC (UMPC),a mobile internet device (MID), an “origami” device or computing device,a device that supports dynamically composable computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aset-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digitalvideo disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera(DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climatecontrol, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may alsobe included in this list.

As used herein, the term “Internet of Things (IoT) device” is used torefer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has anaddressable interface (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address, aBluetooth identifier (ID), a near-field communication (NFC) ID, etc.)and can transmit information to one or more other devices over a wiredor wireless connection. An IoT device may have a passive communicationinterface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an activecommunication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, atransmitter-receiver, or the like. An IoT device can have a particularset of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether theIoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available fortask execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, anenvironmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emittingfunction, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded inand/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU),microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to anIoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet. For example,IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators,toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools,clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners,thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers,electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices areequipped with an addressable communications interface for communicatingwith the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktopcomputers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), etc. Accordingly, the IoT network may be comprised ofa combination of “legacy” Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop ordesktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do nottypically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).

The user device(s) 120 and/or AP(s) 102 may also include mesh stationsin, for example, a mesh network, in accordance with one or more IEEE802.11 standards and/or 3GPP standards.

Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), andAP(s) 102 may be configured to communicate with each other via one ormore communications networks 130 and/or 135 wirelessly or wired. Theuser device(s) 120 may also communicate peer-to-peer or directly witheach other with or without the AP(s) 102. Any of the communicationsnetworks 130 and/or 135 may include, but not limited to, any one of acombination of different types of suitable communications networks suchas, for example, broadcasting networks, cable networks, public networks(e.g., the Internet), private networks, wireless networks, cellularnetworks, or any other suitable private and/or public networks. Further,any of the communications networks 130 and/or 135 may have any suitablecommunication range associated therewith and may include, for example,global networks (e.g., the Internet), metropolitan area networks (MANs),wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), or personal areanetworks (PANs). In addition, any of the communications networks 130and/or 135 may include any type of medium over which network traffic maybe carried including, but not limited to, coaxial cable, twisted-pairwire, optical fiber, a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) medium, microwaveterrestrial transceivers, radio frequency communication mediums, whitespace communication mediums, ultra-high frequency communication mediums,satellite communication mediums, or any combination thereof.

Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128) andAP(s) 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one ormore communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennascorresponding to the communications protocols used by the user device(s)120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126 and 128), and AP(s) 102. Somenon-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include Wi-Fiantennas, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.11 family of standards compatible antennas, directional antennas,non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patchantennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas,omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like.The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupledto a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such ascommunications signals to and/or from the user devices 120 and/or AP(s)102.

Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), andAP(s) 102 may be configured to perform directional transmission and/ordirectional reception in conjunction with wirelessly communicating in awireless network. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., user devices 124,126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform such directionaltransmission and/or reception using a set of multiple antenna arrays(e.g., DMG antenna arrays or the like). Each of the multiple antennaarrays may be used for transmission and/or reception in a particularrespective direction or range of directions. Any of the user device(s)120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configuredto perform any given directional transmission towards one or moredefined transmit sectors. Any of the user device(s) 120 (e.g., userdevices 124, 126, 128), and AP(s) 102 may be configured to perform anygiven directional reception from one or more defined receive sectors.

MIMO beamforming in a wireless network may be accomplished using RFbeamforming and/or digital beamforming. In some embodiments, inperforming a given MIMO transmission, user devices 120 and/or AP(s) 102may be configured to use all or a subset of its one or morecommunications antennas to perform MIMO beamforming.

Any of the user devices 120 (e.g., user devices 124, 126, 128), andAP(s) 102 may include any suitable radio and/or transceiver fortransmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in thebandwidth and/or channels corresponding to the communications protocolsutilized by any of the user device(s) 120 and AP(s) 102 to communicatewith each other. The radio components may include hardware and/orsoftware to modulate and/or demodulate communications signals accordingto pre-established transmission protocols. The radio components mayfurther have hardware and/or software instructions to communicate viaone or more Wi-Fi and/or Wi-Fi direct protocols, as standardized by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11standards.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)Alliance (WFA) Specifications, including Wi-Fi Neighbor AwarenessNetworking (NAN) Technical Specification (e.g., NAN and NAN2) and/orfuture versions and/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing WFA Peer-to-Peer (P2P)specifications and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof,devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (Wireless GigabitAlliance, Inc. WiGig MAC and PHY Specification) and/or future versionsand/or derivatives thereof, devices and/or networks operating inaccordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards and/or amendments (e.g.,802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11ad, 802.11ay,802.11az, etc.).

In certain example embodiments, the radio component, in cooperation withthe communications antennas, may be configured to communicate via 2.4GHz channels (e.g., 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ax), 5 GHz channels(e.g., 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax), or 60 GHz channels (e.g.,802.11ad). In some embodiments, non-Wi-Fi protocols may be used forcommunications between devices, such as Bluetooth, dedicated short-rangecommunication (DSRC), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) (e.g., IEEE 802.11af,IEEE 802.22), white band frequency (e.g., white spaces), or otherpacketized radio communications. The radio component may include anyknown receiver and baseband suitable for communicating via thecommunications protocols. The radio component may further include a lownoise amplifier (LNA), additional signal amplifiers, ananalog-to-digital (A/D) converter, one or more buffers, and digitalbaseband.

In one embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 1, a user device 120 maybe in communication with one or more APs 102.

For example, AP 102 may communicate with a user device 120 byimplementing a random LTF and LMR generation 140. It is understood thatthe above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are notmeant to be limiting.

FIG. 2 depicts an illustrative schematic diagram for LTF sequencesecurity protection, in accordance with one or more example embodimentsof the present disclosure.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a frame 200 (e.g., an NDP frame)that may be sent over 160 MHz, 80+80 MHz bands, or any frequency above160 MHz. For example, an NDP frame 200 may be sent over an upper 80 MHzband and a lower 80 MHz band.

In one or more embodiments, an LTF sequence security protection systemmay facilitate that for the random LTF sequence generation for theHE-LTF fields for the 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz band, the following twooptions are proposed:

In one embodiment, in option 1: for each 80 MHz band, the same random 80MHz LTF sequence set is used for TB HE-LTF field. Both of the upper 80MHz and lower 80 MHz bands use the same sequence authentication code(SAC) code in user info field of trigger frame or null data packetannouncement (NDPA) frame in TB or NTB ranging sequence to generate theLTF sequences used in the HE-LTF fields. The SAC is used to generate theLTF sequence set for the 80 MHz band.

FIG. 2A shows an example for HE ranging null data packet (NDP) or HE TBranging NDP (in the downlink or uplink direction) with two HE-LTF fields(e.g., HE-LTF field 211 and HE-LTF field 213 on the operating megahertzband and HE-LTF field 215 and HE-LTF field 217 on the lower 80 MHzband).

In one embodiment, the HE-LTF field 211 and HE-LTF field 215, for eachLTF symbol, a same random LTF sequence may be used. For example, Symbol1 202 and Symbol 1′ 206 may use the same LTF sequence, and similarly,Symbol Nsts 203 and Symbol Nsts' 207 may use the same LTF sequence. ForHE-LTF field 213 and HE-LTF field 217, the same LTF sequence should beused by the same symbol in each LTF field. For example, Symbol 1 204 inHE LTF field 2 and Symbol 1′ 208 in LTF field 2′ use the same LTFsequence, and similarly, Symbol Nsts 205 and Symbol Nsts' 209 use thesame LTF sequence.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequences used by different symbolswithin the same LTF field can be different for better securityprotection. For example, the LTF sequence used by Symbol 1 202 andSymbol Nsts 203 are different, and the LTF sequence used by Symbol 1 204and Symbol Nsts 205 are different.

In one or more embodiments, the LTF sequences used in HE-LTF field 211and HE-LTF field 213 may be different for security protection.

In one or more embodiments, a variant to option 1 is the LTF sequenceused for the one 80 MHz band is divided into several parts, and when thesame LTF sequence is applied to the other 80 MHz band, some parts of theLTF sequence can be multiplied by a negative sign. An example of 2×LTFsequence is described below:

HELTF_(−1012,1012)={LTF_(80 MHz_lower_2×),0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,LTF_(80 MHz_upper_2×)}

Where LTF sequence for lower 80 MHz band and upper 80 MHz band aredefined as:

LTF_(80 MHz_lower_2×)={LTF_(80 MHz_part1_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part2_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part3_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part4_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part5_2×)} shall be used in the lower 80 MHz frequencysegment

LTF_(80 MHz_upper_2×)={LTF_(80 MHz_part1_2×),−LTF_(80 MHz_part2_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part3_2×),LTF_(80 MHz_part4_2×),−LTF_(80 MHz_part5_2×)}shall be used in the upper 80 MHz frequency segment

In one embodiment, in option 2: for upper and lower 80 MHz bands,different random LTF sequences sets may be used for HE-LTF fields.

As explained above, FIG. 2 shows an example for HE ranging NDP or HE TBranging NDP with two HE LTF fields, and for each 80 MHz band, differentLTF sequences are used. Symbol 1 202 in HE-LTF field 211 and Symbol 1′206 in HE-LTF field 215 use different LTF sequences, and Symbol Nsts 203in HE-LTF field 211 and Symbol Nsts' 207 in HE-LTF field 215 also usedifferent LTF sequences, and similar rules apply to HE-LTF field 213 andHE-LTF field 217. The LTF sequences used in HE-LTF field 211 aredifferent from the LTF sequences used in HE-LTF field 213, and the LTFsequences used in HE-LTF field 215 are different from the LTF sequencesused in HE LTF field 217.

Regarding the generation of the LTF sequence for each 80 MHz band, thefollowing methods can be used:

(1) Use the SAC in user info field of a trigger frame or NDPA frame togenerate LTF sequence for the 160 MHz band first. The random symbols inthe generated LTF sequence are divided into two halves used for the two80 MHz bands, respectively. There are multiple ways to split thesequence. For example, for the upper 80 MHz band, the first half of theLTF sequence is used, and for the lower 80 MHz band, the second half ofthe LTF sequence is used. For another example, the symbols at the evenplaces in the generated sequence are used the upper 80 MHz and thesymbols at the odd places are used by the lower 80 MHz.

(2) Use the SAC in user info field of a trigger frame or NDPA frame togenerate two sets of LTF sequence for the 80 MHz band. The upper 80 MHzband may use the first set of the 80 MHz LTF sequence, and the lower 80MHz band may use the second set of the 80 MHz LTF sequence.

(3) The user info field of trigger frame or NDPA frame includes two SACcodes, and the first SAC code is used to generate the 80 MHz LTFsequence set for the upper 80 MHz band and the second SAC code is usedto generate the 80 MHz LTF sequence set for the lower 80 MHz band. Sincetwo SAC codes are used, the security is enhanced at the cost ofsignaling overhead.

For both of option 1 and option 2, the DC tones and edge tones should beadded at the proper tone locations for the upper and lower 80 MHz bands,for example, align with the 802.11ax tone plan design.

For the LMR frame in TB or NTB sequences on 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz bands,an LTF sequence security protection system may provide two options.

In one embodiment, in option 1: In the responding STA to initiating STA(RSTA2ISTA) LMR and initiating STA to responding STA (ISTA2RSTA) LMR,the time of arrival (ToA) and time of departure (ToD) for upper andlower 80 MHz bands may be specified in the LMR separately.

This option enhances the robustness of the range estimation usingmultiple bands. For example, if one of the 80 MHz bands suffers frominterference or security attack, the measurement results of the 80 MHzband are invalid and thus unusable. In this case, if the measurement isvalid on the other 80 MHz band, then the measurement results on thesecond 80 MHz band can still be used for ranging estimation, and themeasurement sequences on 160 MHz or 80+80 MHz bands will not be wasted.

The ISTA2RSTA or RSTA2ISTA LMR in TB or NTB could include the followingparameter fields:

Time stamp Invalid Time stamp Invalid (ToA, ToD) or Measurement (ToA,ToD) or Measurement CSI for upper Indication for CSI for lowerIndication for 80 MHz upper 80 MHz 80 MHz lower 80 MHz

In one embodiment, in option 2: in the RSTA2ISTA LMR and ISTA2RSTA LMR,the ToAs and ToDs for each 80 MHz band may be combined into a single ToAand ToD, respectively. For this option, in the LMR frame, there is asingle parameter field for ToA and ToD, respectively. After theinitiating STA (ISTA) or responding STA (RSTA) estimates the ToA on each80 MHz band, the ToA values may be combined into a single value. Thecombination could be arithmetic average or weighted average or othermethods. Instead of treating each 80 MHz band as a separate channel, thetwo 80 MHz bands can be treated jointly as a 160 MHz band with acontiguous 160 MHz band or disjoint 80 MHz bands. Treating them jointlyincreases the time resolution since the measurement bandwidth getsdoubled. Therefore, the receiver may estimate the ToA using the jointestimation and put the ToA in LMR.

To exploit the diversity gain over the two 80 MHz bands, the invalidmeasurement indication field in the LMR need to be designed todifferentiate between the upper and lower 80 MHz bands. This fieldprovides an indication of the reliability or accuracy of the reportedToA.

It should be noted that for 20 MHz, 40 MHz, and 80 MHz band, only 1 bitis enough to indicate the invalidity of the measurement results (ToAand/or ToD or CSI). For example, bit value 1 indicates the results areinvalid, and bit value 0 means the measurement results are valid.

In one or more embodiments, for the 160 MHz and 80+80 MHz band (orgreater than 160 MHz bands) one solution is to use more bits, e.g., 2bits for the invalid measurement indication field to distinguish betweenthe upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz band. Other bit valuecombinations can also be used.

In one or more embodiments, an LTF sequence security protection mayfacilitate the use of two bits with associated values to indicatevarious information as shown in the table below:

Bit value Indication 00 The measurement on both of the 80 MHz bands isvalid. The ToA and ToD fields in LMR is based on the combination of theToA and ToD measured on the upper and lower 80 MHz bands. 01 Themeasurement on the upper 80 MHz band is valid and the measurement on thelower 80 MHz band is invalid. The ToA and ToD fields in LMR is preparedbased on the measurement on the upper 80 MHz band 10 The measurement onthe upper 80 MHz band is invalid and the measurement on the lower 80 MHzband is valid. The ToA and ToD fields in LMR is prepared based on themeasurement on the lower 80 MHz band 11 The measurement on both of theupper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz band are invalid and the ToA andToD fields in LMR are invalid.

In one embodiment, in option 2, for implementation simplicity, for the160 MHz and 80+80 MHz band, only 1 bit or field can be used to indicatethe invalid measurement. For example, when the measurement for both ofthe upper 80 MHz and lower 80 MHz band are valid, then this bit is setto 0, and if the invalid measurement is detected on either of the upperor lower 80 MHz band, then this bit is set to 1. Or, when themeasurement for either the upper 80 MHz or the lower 80 MHz band isvalid, then this bit is set to 0, and if the invalid measurements aredetected on both the upper and the lower 80 MHz bands, then this bit isset to 1. The receiver of the LMR will be notified to ignore thecorresponding measurement results if the invalid measurement indicationbit is set to 1.

In one or more embodiments, for an improved case without interference orattacker, the ToA values of the upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHzband may be close in time to each other. In option 1 and option 2, ifthe ISTA or RSTA detects that the difference between the ToA value ofupper 80 MHz band and the ToA value of the lower 80 MHz band is largerthan a predefined threshold rendering them not consistent with eachother, then the measurements on the upper or lower 80 MHz bands may beconsidered invalid, and the corresponding invalid measurement bit in LMRshould be set to 1. It is understood that the above descriptions are forpurposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 300 for anillustrative LTF sequence security protection system, in accordance withone or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

At block 302, a device (e.g., the user device(s) 120 and/or the AP 102of FIG. 1) may determine a null data packet (NDP) frame comprising oneor more fields.

At block 304, the device may determine a first long training field (LTF)and a second LTF, the first LTF, and the second LTF being associatedwith a first frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTFsymbols of first LTF and the second LTF are generated using differentLTF sequences. In some instances, the same sequence authentication code(SAC) is used for generating a first LTF sequence for the firstfrequency band and a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band,and wherein the first LTF sequence is different from the second LTFsequence. In other scenarios, a different SAC is used for generating afirst LTF sequence for the first frequency band and a second LTFsequence for the second frequency band, and wherein the first LTFsequence is different from the second LTF sequence. The first frequencyband is an upper 80 megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the secondfrequency band is a lower 80 MHz band.

The upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz band are a part of a 160 MHzband, an 80+80 MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a 160+160 MHz band. Also,the first frequency band is an upper 160 megahertz (MHz) band andwherein the second frequency band is a lower 160 MHz band. Also, theupper 160 MHz band and the lower 160 MHz band are a part of a 320 MHzband, a 160+160 MHz band. The first LTF comprises a first symbol thatuses a first LTF sequence, and a second symbol that uses a second LTFsequence, wherein the second LTF comprises a third symbol that uses athird LTF sequence, and a fourth symbol that uses a fourth LTF sequence.The first LTF sequence is different from the second LTF sequence, andwherein the third LTF sequence is different from the fourth LTFsequence.

At block 306, the device may determine a third LTF and a fourth LTF, thethird LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with the second frequencyband of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols of third LTF andthe fourth LTF are generated using different LTF sequences.

At block 308, the device may cause to send the NDP frame to aninitiating or a responding device. The device may determine timinginformation in a location measurement report (LMR) frame, where thetiming information may be associated with first timing informationcalculated for the first frequency band and a second timing informationcalculated for the second frequency band. The timing information may bea time of arrival (ToA) or a time of departure (ToD).

At block 310, the device may cause to send a location measurement report(LMR) frame to the initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMRcomprises timing information associated with the first frequency bandand the second frequency band. The device may determine an invalidmeasurement indication field in the LMR, where the invalid measurementindication field is a two-bit field.

It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes ofillustration and are not meant to be limiting.

FIG. 4 shows a functional diagram of an exemplary communication station400 in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, FIG. 4illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication station thatmay be suitable for use as an AP 102 (FIG. 1) or user device 120(FIG. 1) in accordance with some embodiments. The communication station400 may also be suitable for use as a handheld device, a mobile device,a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wirelessterminal, a laptop computer, a wearable computer device, a femtocell, ahigh data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, an accessterminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device.

The communication station 400 may include communications circuitry 402and a transceiver 410 for transmitting and receiving signals to and fromother communication stations using one or more antennas 401. Thecommunications circuitry 402 may include circuitry that can operate thephysical layer (PHY) communications and/or medium access control (MAC)communications for controlling access to the wireless medium, and/or anyother communications layers for transmitting and receiving signals. Thecommunication station 400 may also include processing circuitry 406 andmemory 408 arranged to perform the operations described herein. In someembodiments, the communications circuitry 402 and the processingcircuitry 406 may be configured to perform operations detailed in FIGS.1-3.

In accordance with some embodiments, the communications circuitry 402may be arranged to contend for a wireless medium and configure frames orpackets for communicating over the wireless medium. The communicationscircuitry 402 may be arranged to transmit and receive signals. Thecommunications circuitry 402 may also include circuitry formodulation/demodulation, upconversion/downconversion, filtering,amplification, etc. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 406 ofthe communication station 400 may include one or more processors. Inother embodiments, two or more antennas 401 may be coupled to thecommunications circuitry 402 arranged for sending and receiving signals.The memory 408 may store information for configuring the processingcircuitry 406 to perform operations for configuring and transmittingmessage frames and performing the various operations described herein.The memory 408 may include any type of memory, including non-transitorymemory, for storing information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., acomputer). For example, the memory 408 may include a computer-readablestorage device, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM),magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devicesand other storage devices and media.

In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may be part of aportable wireless communication device, such as a personal digitalassistant (PDA), a laptop or portable computer with wirelesscommunication capability, a web tablet, a wireless telephone, asmartphone, a wireless headset, a pager, an instant messaging device, adigital camera, an access point, a television, a medical device (e.g., aheart rate monitor, a blood pressure monitor, etc.), a wearable computerdevice, or another device that may receive and/or transmit informationwirelessly.

In some embodiments, communication station 400 may include one or moreantennas 401. The antennas 401 may include one or more directional oromnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas,monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas,or other types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. Insome embodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna withmultiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture maybe considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectively separated forspatial diversity and the different channel characteristics that mayresult between each of the antennas and the antennas of a transmittingstation.

In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may include one ormore of a keyboard, a display, a non-volatile memory port, multipleantennas, a graphics processor, an application processor, speakers, andother mobile device elements. The display may be an LCD screen includinga touch screen.

Although the communication station 400 is illustrated as having severalseparate functional elements, two or more of the functional elements maybe combined and may be implemented by combinations ofsoftware-configured elements, such as processing elements includingdigital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. Forexample, some elements may include one or more microprocessors, DSPs,field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) andcombinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing atleast the functions described herein. In some embodiments, thefunctional elements of the communication station 400 may refer to one ormore processes operating on one or more processing elements.

Certain embodiments may be implemented in one or a combination ofhardware, firmware, and software. Other embodiments may also beimplemented as instructions stored on a computer-readable storagedevice, which may be read and executed by at least one processor toperform the operations described herein. A computer-readable storagedevice may include any non-transitory memory mechanism for storinginformation in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Forexample, a computer-readable storage device may include read-only memory(ROM), random-access memory (RAM), magnetic disk storage media, opticalstorage media, flash-memory devices, and other storage devices andmedia. In some embodiments, the communication station 400 may includeone or more processors and may be configured with instructions stored ona computer-readable storage device memory.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a machine 500 orsystem upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g.,methodologies) discussed herein may be performed. In other embodiments,the machine 500 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected(e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, themachine 500 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a clientmachine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example,the machine 500 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (orother distributed) network environments. The machine 500 may be apersonal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personaldigital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a wearable computer device,a web appliance, a network router, a switch or bridge, or any machinecapable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specifyactions to be taken by that machine, such as a base station. Further,while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shallalso be taken to include any collection of machines that individually orjointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform anyone or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloudcomputing, software as a service (SaaS), or other computer clusterconfigurations.

Examples, as described herein, may include or may operate on logic or anumber of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangibleentities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operationswhen operating. A module includes hardware. In an example, the hardwaremay be specifically configured to carry out a specific operation (e.g.,hardwired). In another example, the hardware may include configurableexecution units (e.g., transistors, circuits, etc.) and a computerreadable medium containing instructions where the instructions configurethe execution units to carry out a specific operation when in operation.The configuring may occur under the direction of the executions units ora loading mechanism. Accordingly, the execution units arecommunicatively coupled to the computer-readable medium when the deviceis operating. In this example, the execution units may be a member ofmore than one module. For example, under operation, the execution unitsmay be configured by the first set of instructions to implement a firstmodule at one point in time and reconfigured by a second set ofinstructions to implement a second module at a second point in time.

The machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor502 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit(GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a mainmemory 504 and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicatewith each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 508. The machine 500 mayfurther include a power management device 532, a graphics display device510, an alphanumeric input device 512 (e.g., a keyboard), and a userinterface (UI) navigation device 514 (e.g., a mouse). In an example, thegraphics display device 510, alphanumeric input device 512, and UInavigation device 514 may be a touch screen display. The machine 500 mayadditionally include a storage device (i.e., drive unit) 516, a signalgeneration device 518 (e.g., a speaker), an LTF sequence securityprotection device 519, a network interface device/transceiver 520coupled to antenna(s) 530, and one or more sensors 528, such as a globalpositioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or othersensor. The machine 500 may include an output controller 534, such as aserial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired orwireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.)connection to communicate with or control one or more peripheral devices(e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.)).

The storage device 516 may include a machine readable medium 522 onwhich is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of thetechniques or functions described herein. The instructions 524 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504,within the static memory 506, or within the hardware processor 502during execution thereof by the machine 500. In an example, one or anycombination of the hardware processor 502, the main memory 504, thestatic memory 506, or the storage device 516 may constitutemachine-readable media.

The LTF sequence security protection device 519 may carry out or performany of the operations and processes (e.g., processes 400 and 500)described and shown above.

It is understood that the above are only a subset of what the LTFsequence security protection device 519 may be configured to perform andthat other functions included throughout this disclosure may also beperformed by the LTF sequence security protection device 519.

While the machine-readable medium 522 is illustrated as a single medium,the term “machine-readable medium” may include a single medium ormultiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/orassociated caches and servers) configured to store the one or moreinstructions 524.

Various embodiments may be implemented fully or partially in softwareand/or firmware. This software and/or firmware may take the form ofinstructions contained in or on a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium. Those instructions may then be read and executed by oneor more processors to enable performance of the operations describedherein. The instructions may be in any suitable form, such as but notlimited to source code, compiled code, interpreted code, executablecode, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Such a computer-readablemedium may include any tangible non-transitory medium for storinginformation in a form readable by one or more computers, such as but notlimited to read only memory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); magneticdisk storage media; optical storage media; a flash memory, etc.

The term “machine-readable medium” may include any medium that iscapable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution bythe machine 500 and that cause the machine 500 to perform any one ormore of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable ofstoring, encoding, or carrying data structures used by or associatedwith such instructions. Non-limiting machine-readable medium examplesmay include solid-state memories and optical and magnetic media. In anexample, a massed machine-readable medium includes a machine-readablemedium with a plurality of particles having resting mass. Specificexamples of massed machine-readable media may include non-volatilememory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electricallyprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM), or electrically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices;magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks;magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

The instructions 524 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 526 using a transmission medium via the networkinterface device/transceiver 520 utilizing any one of a number oftransfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP),transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP),hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communicationsnetworks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network(WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephonenetworks (e.g., cellular networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks,wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards,and peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, thenetwork interface device/transceiver 520 may include one or morephysical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or moreantennas to connect to the communications network 526. In an example,the network interface device/transceiver 520 may include a plurality ofantennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-inputmultiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ormultiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term “transmissionmedium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capableof storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by themachine 500 and includes digital or analog communications signals orother intangible media to facilitate communication of such software. Theoperations and processes described and shown above may be carried out orperformed in any suitable order as desired in various implementations.Additionally, in certain implementations, at least a portion of theoperations may be carried out in parallel. Furthermore, in certainimplementations, less than or more than the operations described may beperformed.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a radio architecture 105A, 105B inaccordance with some embodiments that may be implemented in any one ofthe example AP 102 and/or the example user device 120 of FIG. 1. Radioarchitecture 105A, 105B may include radio front-end module (FEM)circuitry 604 a-b, radio IC circuitry 606 a-b and baseband processingcircuitry 608 a-b. Radio architecture 105A, 105B as shown includes bothWireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functionality and Bluetooth (BT)functionality although embodiments are not so limited. In thisdisclosure, “WLAN” and “Wi-Fi” are used interchangeably.

FEM circuitry 604 a-b may include a WLAN or Wi-Fi FEM circuitry 604 aand a Bluetooth (BT) FEM circuitry 604 b. The WLAN FEM circuitry 604 amay include a receive signal path comprising circuitry configured tooperate on WLAN RF signals received from one or more antennas 601, toamplify the received signals and to provide the amplified versions ofthe received signals to the WLAN radio IC circuitry 606 a for furtherprocessing. The BT FEM circuitry 604 b may include a receive signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to operate on BT RF signalsreceived from one or more antennas 601, to amplify the received signalsand to provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the BTradio IC circuitry 606 b for further processing. FEM circuitry 604 a mayalso include a transmit signal path which may include circuitryconfigured to amplify WLAN signals provided by the radio IC circuitry606 a for wireless transmission by one or more of the antennas 601. Inaddition, FEM circuitry 604 b may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify BT signals provided bythe radio IC circuitry 606 b for wireless transmission by the one ormore antennas. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, although FEM 604 a and FEM604 b are shown as being distinct from one another, embodiments are notso limited, and include within their scope the use of an FEM (not shown)that includes a transmit path and/or a receive path for both WLAN and BTsignals, or the use of one or more FEM circuitries where at least someof the FEM circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Radio IC circuitry 606 a-b as shown may include WLAN radio IC circuitry606 a and BT radio IC circuitry 606 b. The WLAN radio IC circuitry 606 amay include a receive signal path which may include circuitry todown-convert WLAN RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 604 a andprovide baseband signals to WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608 a. BTradio IC circuitry 606 b may in turn include a receive signal path whichmay include circuitry to down-convert BT RF signals received from theFEM circuitry 604 b and provide baseband signals to BT basebandprocessing circuitry 608 b. WLAN radio IC circuitry 606 a may alsoinclude a transmit signal path which may include circuitry to up-convertWLAN baseband signals provided by the WLAN baseband processing circuitry608 a and provide WLAN RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 604 a forsubsequent wireless transmission by the one or more antennas 601. BTradio IC circuitry 606 b may also include a transmit signal path whichmay include circuitry to up-convert BT baseband signals provided by theBT baseband processing circuitry 608 b and provide BT RF output signalsto the FEM circuitry 604 b for subsequent wireless transmission by theone or more antennas 601. In the embodiment of FIG. 6, although radio ICcircuitries 606 a and 606 b are shown as being distinct from oneanother, embodiments are not so limited, and include within their scopethe use of a radio IC circuitry (not shown) that includes a transmitsignal path and/or a receive signal path for both WLAN and BT signals,or the use of one or more radio IC circuitries where at least some ofthe radio IC circuitries share transmit and/or receive signal paths forboth WLAN and BT signals.

Baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b may include a WLAN basebandprocessing circuitry 608 a and a BT baseband processing circuitry 608 b.The WLAN baseband processing circuitry 608 a may include a memory, suchas, for example, a set of RAM arrays in a Fast Fourier Transform orInverse Fast Fourier Transform block (not shown) of the WLAN basebandprocessing circuitry 608 a. Each of the WLAN baseband circuitry 608 aand the BT baseband circuitry 608 b may further include one or moreprocessors and control logic to process the signals received from thecorresponding WLAN or BT receive signal path of the radio IC circuitry606 a-b, and to also generate corresponding WLAN or BT baseband signalsfor the transmit signal path of the radio IC circuitry 606 a-b. Each ofthe baseband processing circuitries 608 a and 608 b may further includephysical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) circuitry,and may further interface with a device for generation and processing ofthe baseband signals and for controlling operations of the radio ICcircuitry 606 a-b.

Referring still to FIG. 6, according to the shown embodiment, WLAN-BTcoexistence circuitry 613 may include logic providing an interfacebetween the WLAN baseband circuitry 608 a and the BT baseband circuitry608 b to enable use cases requiring WLAN and BT coexistence. Inaddition, a switch 603 may be provided between the WLAN FEM circuitry604 a and the BT FEM circuitry 604 b to allow switching between the WLANand BT radios according to application needs. In addition, although theantennas 601 are depicted as being respectively connected to the WLANFEM circuitry 604 a and the BT FEM circuitry 604 b, embodiments includewithin their scope the sharing of one or more antennas as between theWLAN and BT FEMs, or the provision of more than one antenna connected toeach of FEM 604 a or 604 b.

In some embodiments, the front-end module circuitry 604 a-b, the radioIC circuitry 606 a-b, and baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b may beprovided on a single radio card, such as wireless radio card 602. Insome other embodiments, the one or more antennas 601, the FEM circuitry604 a-b and the radio IC circuitry 606 a-b may be provided on a singleradio card. In some other embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 606 a-band the baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b may be provided on asingle chip or integrated circuit (IC), such as IC 612.

In some embodiments, the wireless radio card 602 may include a WLANradio card and may be configured for Wi-Fi communications, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some ofthese embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configuredto receive and transmit orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM)or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) communicationsignals over a multicarrier communication channel. The OFDM or OFDMAsignals may comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some of these multicarrier embodiments, radio architecture 105A, 105Bmay be part of a Wi-Fi communication station (STA) such as a wirelessaccess point (AP), a base station or a mobile device including a Wi-Fidevice. In some of these embodiments, radio architecture 105A, 105B maybe configured to transmit and receive signals in accordance withspecific communication standards and/or protocols, such as any of theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standardsincluding, 802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11-2012, IEEE 802.11-2016,802.11n-2009, 802.11ac, 802.11ah, 802.11ad, 802.11 ay and/or 802.11axstandards and/or proposed specifications for WLANs, although the scopeof embodiments is not limited in this respect. Radio architecture 105A,105B may also be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications inaccordance with other techniques and standards.

In some embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may be configuredfor high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) communications in accordance with theIEEE 802.11ax standard. In these embodiments, the radio architecture105A, 105B may be configured to communicate in accordance with an OFDMAtechnique, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in thisrespect.

In some other embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may beconfigured to transmit and receive signals transmitted using one or moreother modulation techniques such as spread spectrum modulation (e.g.,direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and/or frequencyhopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA)), time-divisionmultiplexing (TDM) modulation, and/or frequency-division multiplexing(FDM) modulation, although the scope of the embodiments is not limitedin this respect.

In some embodiments, as further shown in FIG. 6, the BT basebandcircuitry 608 b may be compliant with a Bluetooth (BT) connectivitystandard such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth 8.0 or Bluetooth 6.0, or any otheriteration of the Bluetooth Standard.

In some embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B may include otherradio cards, such as a cellular radio card configured for cellular(e.g., SGPP such as LTE, LTE-Advanced or 7G communications).

In some IEEE 802.11 embodiments, the radio architecture 105A, 105B maybe configured for communication over various channel bandwidthsincluding bandwidths having center frequencies of about 900 MHz, 2.4GHz, 5 GHz, and bandwidths of about 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 5 MHz, 5.5 MHz, 6 MHz,8 MHz, 10 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz (with contiguous bandwidths) or80+80 MHz (160 MHz) (with non-contiguous bandwidths). In someembodiments, a 920 MHz channel bandwidth may be used. The scope of theembodiments is not limited with respect to the above center frequencieshowever.

FIG. 7 illustrates WLAN FEM circuitry 604 a in accordance with someembodiments.

Although the example of FIG. 7 is described in conjunction with the WLANFEM circuitry 604 a, the example of FIG. 7 may be described inconjunction with the example BT FEM circuitry 604 b (FIG. 6), althoughother circuitry configurations may also be suitable.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 604 a may include a TX/RX switch702 to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry 604 a may include a receive signal path and a transmit signalpath. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 604 a may include alow-noise amplifier (LNA) 706 to amplify received RF signals 703 andprovide the amplified received RF signals 707 as an output (e.g., to theradio IC circuitry 606 a-b (FIG. 6)). The transmit signal path of thecircuitry 604 a may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RFsignals 709 (e.g., provided by the radio IC circuitry 606 a-b), and oneor more filters 712, such as band-pass filters (BPFs), low-pass filters(LPFs) or other types of filters, to generate RF signals 715 forsubsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the antennas 601 (FIG.6)) via an example duplexer 714.

In some dual-mode embodiments for Wi-Fi communication, the FEM circuitry604 a may be configured to operate in either the 2.4 GHz frequencyspectrum or the 5 GHz frequency spectrum. In these embodiments, thereceive signal path of the FEM circuitry 604 a may include a receivesignal path duplexer 704 to separate the signals from each spectrum aswell as provide a separate LNA 706 for each spectrum as shown. In theseembodiments, the transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 604 a mayalso include a power amplifier 710 and a filter 712, such as a BPF, anLPF or another type of filter for each frequency spectrum and a transmitsignal path duplexer 704 to provide the signals of one of the differentspectrums onto a single transmit path for subsequent transmission by theone or more of the antennas 601 (FIG. 6). In some embodiments, BTcommunications may utilize the 2.4 GHz signal paths and may utilize thesame FEM circuitry 604 a as the one used for WLAN communications.

FIG. 8 illustrates radio IC circuitry 606 a in accordance with someembodiments. The radio IC circuitry 606 a is one example of circuitrythat may be suitable for use as the WLAN or BT radio IC circuitry 606a/606 b (FIG. 6), although other circuitry configurations may also besuitable. Alternatively, the example of FIG. 8 may be described inconjunction with the example BT radio IC circuitry 606 b.

In some embodiments, the radio IC circuitry 606 a may include a receivesignal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of theradio IC circuitry 606 a may include at least mixer circuitry 802, suchas, for example, down-conversion mixer circuitry, amplifier circuitry806 and filter circuitry 808. The transmit signal path of the radio ICcircuitry 606 a may include at least filter circuitry 812 and mixercircuitry 814, such as, for example, up-conversion mixer circuitry.Radio IC circuitry 606 a may also include synthesizer circuitry 804 forsynthesizing a frequency 805 for use by the mixer circuitry 802 and themixer circuitry 814. The mixer circuitry 802 and/or 814 may each,according to some embodiments, be configured to provide directconversion functionality. The latter type of circuitry presents a muchsimpler architecture as compared with standard super-heterodyne mixercircuitries, and any flicker noise brought about by the same may bealleviated for example through the use of OFDM modulation. FIG. 8illustrates only a simplified version of a radio IC circuitry, and mayinclude, although not shown, embodiments where each of the depictedcircuitries may include more than one component. For instance, mixercircuitry 814 may each include one or more mixers, and filtercircuitries 808 and/or 812 may each include one or more filters, such asone or more BPFs and/or LPFs according to application needs. Forexample, when mixer circuitries are of the direct-conversion type, theymay each include two or more mixers.

In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 may be configured todown-convert RF signals 707 received from the FEM circuitry 604 a-b(FIG. 6) based on the synthesized frequency 805 provided by synthesizercircuitry 804. The amplifier circuitry 806 may be configured to amplifythe down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 808 may include anLPF configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-convertedsignals to generate output baseband signals 807. Output baseband signals807 may be provided to the baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b (FIG.6) for further processing. In some embodiments, the output basebandsignals 807 may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is nota requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 802 may comprisepassive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 814 may be configured toup-convert input baseband signals 811 based on the synthesized frequency805 provided by the synthesizer circuitry 804 to generate RF outputsignals 709 for the FEM circuitry 604 a-b. The baseband signals 811 maybe provided by the baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b and may befiltered by filter circuitry 812. The filter circuitry 812 may includean LPF or a BPF, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 802 and the mixer circuitry 814may each include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedown-conversion and/or up-conversion respectively with the help ofsynthesizer 804. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 802 and themixer circuitry 814 may each include two or more mixers each configuredfor image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 802 and the mixer circuitry 814 may bearranged for direct down-conversion and/or direct up-conversion,respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 802 and the mixercircuitry 814 may be configured for super-heterodyne operation, althoughthis is not a requirement.

Mixer circuitry 802 may comprise, according to one embodiment:quadrature passive mixers (e.g., for the in-phase (I) and quadraturephase (Q) paths). In such an embodiment, RF input signal 707 from FIG. 8may be down-converted to provide I and Q baseband output signals to besent to the baseband processor.

Quadrature passive mixers may be driven by zero and ninety-degreetime-varying LO switching signals provided by a quadrature circuitrywhich may be configured to receive a LO frequency (fLO) from a localoscillator or a synthesizer, such as LO frequency 805 of synthesizer 804(FIG. 8). In some embodiments, the LO frequency may be the carrierfrequency, while in other embodiments, the LO frequency may be afraction of the carrier frequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency,one-third the carrier frequency). In some embodiments, the zero andninety-degree time-varying switching signals may be generated by thesynthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, the LO signals may differ in duty cycle (thepercentage of one period in which the LO signal is high) and/or offset(the difference between start points of the period). In someembodiments, the LO signals may have an 85% duty cycle and an 80%offset. In some embodiments, each branch of the mixer circuitry (e.g.,the in-phase (I) and quadrature phase (Q) path) may operate at an 80%duty cycle, which may result in a significant reduction is powerconsumption.

The RF input signal 707 (FIG. 7) may comprise a balanced signal,although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.The I and Q baseband output signals may be provided to low-noiseamplifier, such as amplifier circuitry 806 (FIG. 8) or to filtercircuitry 808 (FIG. 8).

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals 807 and the inputbaseband signals 811 may be analog baseband signals, although the scopeof the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals 807 and the input basebandsignals 811 may be digital baseband signals. In these alternateembodiments, the radio IC circuitry may include analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, or for otherspectrums not mentioned here, although the scope of the embodiments isnot limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 804 may be a fractional-Nsynthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequencysynthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 804 maybe a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizercomprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider. According tosome embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 804 may include digitalsynthesizer circuitry. An advantage of using a digital synthesizercircuitry is that, although it may still include some analog components,its footprint may be scaled down much more than the footprint of ananalog synthesizer circuitry. In some embodiments, frequency input intosynthesizer circuitry 804 may be provided by a voltage controlledoscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. A divider controlinput may further be provided by either the baseband processingcircuitry 608 a-b (FIG. 6) depending on the desired output frequency805. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may bedetermined from a look-up table (e.g., within a Wi-Fi card) based on achannel number and a channel center frequency as determined or indicatedby the example application processor 610. The application processor 610may include, or otherwise be connected to, one of the example securesignal converter 101 or the example received signal converter 103 (e.g.,depending on which device the example radio architecture is implementedin).

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 804 may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency 805, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency 805 may be a fraction of the carrierfrequency (e.g., one-half the carrier frequency, one-third the carrierfrequency). In some embodiments, the output frequency 805 may be a LOfrequency (fLO).

FIG. 9 illustrates a functional block diagram of baseband processingcircuitry 608 a in accordance with some embodiments. The basebandprocessing circuitry 608 a is one example of circuitry that may besuitable for use as the baseband processing circuitry 608 a (FIG. 6),although other circuitry configurations may also be suitable.Alternatively, the example of FIG. 8 may be used to implement theexample BT baseband processing circuitry 608 b of FIG. 6.

The baseband processing circuitry 608 a may include a receive basebandprocessor (RX BBP) 902 for processing receive baseband signals 809provided by the radio IC circuitry 606 a-b (FIG. 6) and a transmitbaseband processor (TX BBP) 904 for generating transmit baseband signals811 for the radio IC circuitry 606 a-b. The baseband processingcircuitry 608 a may also include control logic 906 for coordinating theoperations of the baseband processing circuitry 608 a.

In some embodiments (e.g., when analog baseband signals are exchangedbetween the baseband processing circuitry 608 a-b and the radio ICcircuitry 606 a-b), the baseband processing circuitry 608 a may includeADC 910 to convert analog baseband signals 909 received from the radioIC circuitry 606 a-b to digital baseband signals for processing by theRX BBP 902. In these embodiments, the baseband processing circuitry 608a may also include DAC 912 to convert digital baseband signals from theTX BBP 904 to analog baseband signals 911.

In some embodiments that communicate OFDM signals or OFDMA signals, suchas through baseband processor 608 a, the transmit baseband processor 904may be configured to generate OFDM or OFDMA signals as appropriate fortransmission by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Thereceive baseband processor 902 may be configured to process receivedOFDM signals or OFDMA signals by performing an FFT. In some embodiments,the receive baseband processor 902 may be configured to detect thepresence of an OFDM signal or OFDMA signal by performing anautocorrelation, to detect a preamble, such as a short preamble, and byperforming a cross-correlation, to detect a long preamble. The preamblesmay be part of a predetermined frame structure for Wi-Fi communication.

Referring back to FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the antennas 601 (FIG. 6)may each comprise one or more directional or omnidirectional antennas,including, for example, dipole antennas, monopole antennas, patchantennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas or other types of antennassuitable for transmission of RF signals. In some multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) embodiments, the antennas may be effectivelyseparated to take advantage of spatial diversity and the differentchannel characteristics that may result. Antennas 601 may each include aset of phased-array antennas, although embodiments are not so limited.

Although the radio architecture 105A, 105B is illustrated as havingseveral separate functional elements, one or more of the functionalelements may be combined and may be implemented by combinations ofsoftware-configured elements, such as processing elements includingdigital signal processors (DSPs), and/or other hardware elements. Forexample, some elements may comprise one or more microprocessors, DSPs,field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integratedcircuits (ASICs), radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) andcombinations of various hardware and logic circuitry for performing atleast the functions described herein. In some embodiments, thefunctional elements may refer to one or more processes operating on oneor more processing elements.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments. The terms “computing device,” “userdevice,” “communication station,” “station,” “handheld device,” “mobiledevice,” “wireless device” and “user equipment” (UE) as used hereinrefers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone,a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptopcomputer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, anaccess point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, orother personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may beeither mobile or stationary.

As used within this document, the term “communicate” is intended toinclude transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving.This may be particularly useful in claims when describing theorganization of data that is being transmitted by one device andreceived by another, but only the functionality of one of those devicesis required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchangeof data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive duringthe exchange) may be described as “communicating,” when only thefunctionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term“communicating” as used herein with respect to a wireless communicationsignal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/orreceiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wirelesscommunication unit, which is capable of communicating a wirelesscommunication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit thewireless communication signal to at least one other wirelesscommunication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receivethe wireless communication signal from at least one other wirelesscommunication unit.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinaladjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to describe a commonobject, merely indicates that different instances of like objects arebeing referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects sodescribed must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, inranking, or in any other manner.

The term “access point” (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. Anaccess point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station,an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known inthe art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, userequipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similarterminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generallypertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wirelessnetworks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11standards.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, apersonal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN),a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal areanetwork (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, apersonal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableglobal positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, amultiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digitalvideo broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, awireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems following one or morewireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF),infrared (IR), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM(OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access(TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS),extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA(WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband(UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G,3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long termevolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various otherdevices, systems, and/or networks.

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 may include a device comprising processing circuitry coupledto storage, the processing circuitry configured to: determine a nulldata packet (NDP) frame comprising one or more fields; determine a firstlong training field (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF and the secondLTF being associated with a first frequency band of the NDP frame,wherein time domain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTF aregenerated using different LTF sequences; determine a third LTF and afourth LTF, the third LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with the asecond frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbolsof third LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using different LTFsequences; cause to send the NDP frame to an initiating or a respondingdevice; and cause to send a location measurement report (LMR) frame tothe initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMR comprisestiming information associated with the first frequency band and thesecond frequency band.

Example 2 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein a same sequence authentication code (SAC) may be usedfor generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequency band and asecond LTF sequence for the second frequency band, and wherein the firstLTF sequence may be different from the second LTF sequence.

Example 3 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein a different sequence authentication code (SAC) may beused for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequency bandand a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, and wherein thefirst LTF sequence may be different from the second LTF sequence.

Example 4 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured todetermine an invalid measurement indication field in the LMR, whereinthe invalid measurement indication field may be a two bit field.

Example 5 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 80 megahertz(MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be a lower 80 MHzband.

Example 6 may include the device of example 5 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz band are apart of a 160 MHz band, an 80+80 MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a 160+160MHz band.

Example 7 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 160 megahertz(MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be a lower 160 MHzband.

Example 8 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the upper 160 MHz band and the lower 160 MHz band are apart of a 320 MHz band, an 160+160 MHz band.

Example 9 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the first LTF comprises a first symbol that uses a firstLTF sequence, and a second symbol that uses a second LTF sequence,wherein the second LTF comprises a third symbol that uses a third LTFsequence, and a fourth symbol that uses a fourth LTF sequence.

Example 10 may include the device of example 9 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the first LTF sequence may be different from the secondLTF sequence, and wherein the third LTF sequence may be different fromthe fourth LTF sequence.

Example 11 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, wherein the processing circuitry may be further configured todetermine timing information in the LMR, wherein the timing informationmay be associated with a first timing information calculated for thefirst frequency band and a second timing information calculated for thesecond frequency band.

Example 12 may include the device of example 11 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the timing information may be a time of arrival(ToA) or a time of departure (ToD).

Example 13 may include the device of example 1 and/or some other exampleherein, further comprising a transceiver configured to transmit andreceive wireless signals.

Example 14 may include the device of example 7 and/or some other exampleherein, further comprising an antenna coupled to the transceiver tocause to send the NDP frame and the LMR frame.

Example 15 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storingcomputer-executable instructions which when executed by one or moreprocessors result in performing operations comprising: determining anull data packet (NDP) frame comprising one or more fields; determininga first long training field (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF andthe second LTF being associated with a first frequency band of the NDPframe, wherein time domain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTFare generated using different LTF sequences; determining a third LTF anda fourth LTF, the third LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with thea second frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTFsymbols of third LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using differentLTF sequences; causing to send the NDP frame to an initiating or aresponding device; and causing to send a location measurement report(LMR) frame to the initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMRcomprises timing information associated with the first frequency bandand the second frequency band.

Example 16 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein a same sequenceauthentication code (SAC) may be used for generating a first LTFsequence for the first frequency band and a second LTF sequence for thesecond frequency band, and wherein the first LTF sequence may bedifferent from the second LTF sequence.

Example 17 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein a differentsequence authentication code (SAC) may be used for generating a firstLTF sequence for the first frequency band and a second LTF sequence forthe second frequency band, and wherein the first LTF sequence may bedifferent from the second LTF sequence.

Example 18 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the operationsfurther comprise determining an invalid measurement indication field inthe LMR, wherein the invalid measurement indication field may be a twobit field.

Example 19 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the first frequencyband may be an upper 80 megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the secondfrequency band may be a lower 80 MHz band.

Example 20 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 19 and/or some other example herein, wherein the upper 80 MHzband and the lower 80 MHz band are a part of a 160 MHz band, an 80+80MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a 160+160 MHz band.

Example 21 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the first frequencyband may be an upper 160 megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the secondfrequency band may be a lower 160 MHz band.

Example 22 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 21 and/or some other example herein, wherein the upper 160 MHzband and the lower 160 MHz band are a part of a 320 MHz band, an 160+160MHz band.

Example 23 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the first LTFcomprises a first symbol that uses a first LTF sequence, and a secondsymbol that uses a second LTF sequence, wherein the second LTF comprisesa third symbol that uses a third LTF sequence, and a fourth symbol thatuses a fourth LTF sequence.

Example 24 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 23 and/or some other example herein, wherein the first LTFsequence may be different from the second LTF sequence, and wherein thethird LTF sequence may be different from the fourth LTF sequence.

Example 25 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 15 and/or some other example herein, wherein the operationsfurther comprise determining timing information in the LMR, wherein thetiming information may be associated with a first timing informationcalculated for the first frequency band and a second timing informationcalculated for the second frequency band.

Example 26 may include the non-transitory computer-readable medium ofexample 25 and/or some other example herein, wherein the timinginformation may be a time of arrival (ToA) or a time of departure (ToD).

Example 27 may include a method comprising: determining, by one or moreprocessors, a null data packet (NDP) frame comprising one or morefields; determining a first long training field (LTF) and a second LTF,the first LTF and the second LTF being associated with a first frequencyband of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols of first LTF andthe second LTF are generated using different LTF sequences; determininga third LTF and a fourth LTF, the third LTF and the fourth LTF beingassociated with the a second frequency band of the NDP frame, whereintime domain LTF symbols of third LTF and the fourth LTF are generatedusing different LTF sequences; causing to send the NDP frame to aninitiating or a responding device; and causing to send a locationmeasurement report (LMR) frame to the initiating or the respondingdevice, wherein the LMR comprises timing information associated with thefirst frequency band and the second frequency band.

Example 28 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein a same sequence authentication code (SAC) may beused for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequency bandand a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, and wherein thefirst LTF sequence may be different from the second LTF sequence.

Example 29 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein a different sequence authentication code (SAC)may be used for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequencyband and a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, andwherein the first LTF sequence may be different from the second LTFsequence.

Example 30 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, further comprising determining an invalid measurementindication field in the LMR, wherein the invalid measurement indicationfield may be a two bit field.

Example 31 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 80megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be alower 80 MHz band.

Example 32 may include the method of example 31 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz bandare a part of a 160 MHz band, an 80+80 MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a160+160 MHz band.

Example 33 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 160megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be alower 160 MHz band.

Example 34 may include the method of example 33 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the upper 160 MHz band and the lower 160 MHzband are a part of a 320 MHz band, an 160+160 MHz band.

Example 35 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first LTF comprises a first symbol that usesa first LTF sequence, and a second symbol that uses a second LTFsequence, wherein the second LTF comprises a third symbol that uses athird LTF sequence, and a fourth symbol that uses a fourth LTF sequence.

Example 36 may include the method of example 35 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first LTF sequence may be different from thesecond LTF sequence, and wherein the third LTF sequence may be differentfrom the fourth LTF sequence.

Example 37 may include the method of example 27 and/or some otherexample herein, further comprising determining timing information in theLMR, wherein the timing information may be associated with a firsttiming information calculated for the first frequency band and a secondtiming information calculated for the second frequency band.

Example 38 may include the method of example 37 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the timing information may be a time of arrival(ToA) or a time of departure (ToD).

Example 39 may include an apparatus comprising means for: determining anull data packet (NDP) frame comprising one or more fields; determininga first long training field (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF andthe second LTF being associated with a first frequency band of the NDPframe, wherein time domain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTFare generated using different LTF sequences; determining a third LTF anda fourth LTF, the third LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with thea second frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTFsymbols of third LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using differentLTF sequences; causing to send the NDP frame to an initiating or aresponding device; and causing to send a location measurement report(LMR) frame to the initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMRcomprises timing information associated with the first frequency bandand the second frequency band.

Example 40 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein a same sequence authentication code (SAC) may beused for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequency bandand a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, and wherein thefirst LTF sequence may be different from the second LTF sequence.

Example 41 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein a different sequence authentication code (SAC)may be used for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequencyband and a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, andwherein the first LTF sequence may be different from the second LTFsequence.

Example 42 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, further comprising determining an invalid measurementindication field in the LMR, wherein the invalid measurement indicationfield may be a two bit field.

Example 43 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 80megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be alower 80 MHz band.

Example 44 may include the apparatus of example 43 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz bandare a part of a 160 MHz band, an 80+80 MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a160+160 MHz band.

Example 45 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first frequency band may be an upper 160megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band may be alower 160 MHz band.

Example 46 may include the apparatus of example 45 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the upper 160 MHz band and the lower 160 MHzband are a part of a 320 MHz band, an 160+160 MHz band.

Example 47 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first LTF comprises a first symbol that usesa first LTF sequence, and a second symbol that uses a second LTFsequence, wherein the second LTF comprises a third symbol that uses athird LTF sequence, and a fourth symbol that uses a fourth LTF sequence.

Example 48 may include the apparatus of example 47 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the first LTF sequence may be different from thesecond LTF sequence, and wherein the third LTF sequence may be differentfrom the fourth LTF sequence.

Example 49 may include the apparatus of example 39 and/or some otherexample herein, further comprising determining timing information in theLMR, wherein the timing information may be associated with a firsttiming information calculated for the first frequency band and a secondtiming information calculated for the second frequency band.

Example 50 may include the apparatus of example 49 and/or some otherexample herein, wherein the timing information may be a time of arrival(ToA) or a time of departure (ToD).

Example 51 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readablemedia comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, uponexecution of the instructions by one or more processors of theelectronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method describedin or related to any of examples 1-50, or any other method or processdescribed herein.

Example 52 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, and/orcircuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in orrelated to any of examples 1-50, or any other method or processdescribed herein.

Example 53 may include a method, technique, or process as described inor related to any of examples 1-50, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 54 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processorsand one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that,when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or moreprocessors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described inor related to any of examples 1-50, or portions thereof.

Example 55 may include a method of communicating in a wireless networkas shown and described herein.

Example 56 may include a system for providing wireless communication asshown and described herein.

Example 57 may include a device for providing wireless communication asshown and described herein.

Embodiments according to the invention are in particular disclosed inthe attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device anda computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claimcategory, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g.,system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attachedclaims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matterresulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (inparticular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that anycombination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can beclaimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims.The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only thecombinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also anyother combination of features in the claims, wherein each featurementioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature orcombination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of theembodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed ina separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment orfeature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of theattached claims.

The foregoing description of one or more implementations providesillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed.Modifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed inthe attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device anda computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claimcategory, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g.,system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attachedclaims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matterresulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (inparticular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that anycombination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can beclaimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims.The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only thecombinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also anyother combination of features in the claims, wherein each featurementioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature orcombination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of theembodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed ina separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment orfeature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of theattached claims.

The foregoing description of one or more implementations providesillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed.Modifications and variations are possible in light of the aboveteachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference toblock and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/orcomputer program products according to various implementations. It willbe understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flowdiagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flowdiagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executableprogram instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams andflow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the orderpresented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, accordingto some implementations.

These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto aspecial-purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particularmachine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer,processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create meansfor implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagramblock or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be storedin a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct acomputer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function ina particular manner, such that the instructions stored in thecomputer-readable storage media produce an article of manufactureincluding instruction means that implement one or more functionsspecified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certainimplementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising acomputer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program codeor program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readableprogram code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functionsspecified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer programinstructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements orsteps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus toproduce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions thatexecute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elementsor steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagramblock or blocks.

Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams supportcombinations of means for performing the specified functions,combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functionsand program instruction means for performing the specified functions. Itwill also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowdiagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowdiagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computersystems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, orcombinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or“may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understoodwithin the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certainimplementations could include, while other implementations do notinclude, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, suchconditional language is not generally intended to imply that features,elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or moreimplementations or that one or more implementations necessarily includelogic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whetherthese features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to beperformed in any particular implementation.

Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forthherein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented inthe foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it isto be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to thespecific implementations disclosed and that modifications and otherimplementations are intended to be included within the scope of theappended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they areused in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes oflimitation.

1. A device, the device comprising processing circuitry coupled tostorage, the processing circuitry configured to: determine a null datapacket (NDP) frame comprising one or more fields; determine a first longtraining field (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF and the second LTFbeing associated with a first frequency band of the NDP frame, whereintime domain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTF are generatedusing different LTF sequences; determine a third LTF and a fourth LTF,the third LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with the a secondfrequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols ofthird LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using different LTFsequences; cause to send the NDP frame to an initiating or a respondingdevice; and cause to send a location measurement report (LMR) frame tothe initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMR comprisestiming information associated with the first frequency band and thesecond frequency band.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein a same sequenceauthentication code (SAC) is used for generating a first LTF sequencefor the first frequency band and a second LTF sequence for the secondfrequency band, and wherein the first LTF sequence is different from thesecond LTF sequence.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein a differentsequence authentication code (SAC) is used for generating a first LTFsequence for the first frequency band and a second LTF sequence for thesecond frequency band, and wherein the first LTF sequence is differentfrom the second LTF sequence.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein theprocessing circuitry is further configured to determine an invalidmeasurement indication field in the LMR, wherein the invalid measurementindication field is a two bit field.
 5. The device of claim 1, whereinthe first frequency band is an upper 80 megahertz (MHz) band and whereinthe second frequency band is a lower 80 MHz band.
 6. The device of claim5, wherein the upper 80 MHz band and the lower 80 MHz band are a part ofa 160 MHz band, an 80+80 MHz band, a 320 MHz band, or a 160+160 MHzband.
 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the first frequency band is anupper 160 megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequency band isa lower 160 MHz band.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the upper 160MHz band and the lower 160 MHz band are a part of a 320 MHz band, an160+160 MHz band.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first LTFcomprises a first symbol that uses a first LTF sequence, and a secondsymbol that uses a second LTF sequence, wherein the second LTF comprisesa third symbol that uses a third LTF sequence, and a fourth symbol thatuses a fourth LTF sequence.
 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the firstLTF sequence is different from the second LTF sequence, and wherein thethird LTF sequence is different from the fourth LTF sequence.
 11. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is furtherconfigured to determine timing information in the LMR, wherein thetiming information is associated with a first timing informationcalculated for the first frequency band and a second timing informationcalculated for the second frequency band.
 12. The device of claim 11,wherein the timing information is a time of arrival (ToA) or a time ofdeparture (ToD).
 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising atransceiver configured to transmit and receive wireless signals.
 14. Thedevice of claim 7, further comprising an antenna coupled to thetransceiver to cause to send the NDP frame and the LMR frame.
 15. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executableinstructions which when executed by one or more processors result inperforming operations comprising: determining a null data packet (NDP)frame comprising one or more fields; determining a first long trainingfield (LTF) and a second LTF, the first LTF and the second LTF beingassociated with a first frequency band of the NDP frame, wherein timedomain LTF symbols of first LTF and the second LTF are generated usingdifferent LTF sequences; determining a third LTF and a fourth LTF, thethird LTF and the fourth LTF being associated with the a secondfrequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols ofthird LTF and the fourth LTF are generated using different LTFsequences; causing to send the NDP frame to an initiating or aresponding device; and causing to send a location measurement report(LMR) frame to the initiating or the responding device, wherein the LMRcomprises timing information associated with the first frequency bandand the second frequency band.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 15, wherein a same sequence authentication code (SAC) isused for generating a first LTF sequence for the first frequency bandand a second LTF sequence for the second frequency band, and wherein thefirst LTF sequence is different from the second LTF sequence.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein a differentsequence authentication code (SAC) is used for generating a first LTFsequence for the first frequency band and a second LTF sequence for thesecond frequency band, and wherein the first LTF sequence is differentfrom the second LTF sequence.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 15, wherein the operations further comprise determiningan invalid measurement indication field in the LMR, wherein the invalidmeasurement indication field is a two bit field.
 19. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the first frequency bandis an upper 80 megahertz (MHz) band and wherein the second frequencyband is a lower 80 MHz band.
 20. A method comprising: determining, byone or more processors, a null data packet (NDP) frame comprising one ormore fields; determining a first long training field (LTF) and a secondLTF, the first LTF and the second LTF being associated with a firstfrequency band of the NDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols offirst LTF and the second LTF are generated using different LTFsequences; determining a third LTF and a fourth LTF, the third LTF andthe fourth LTF being associated with the a second frequency band of theNDP frame, wherein time domain LTF symbols of third LTF and the fourthLTF are generated using different LTF sequences; causing to send the NDPframe to an initiating or a responding device; and causing to send alocation measurement report (LMR) frame to the initiating or theresponding device, wherein the LMR comprises timing informationassociated with the first frequency band and the second frequency band.